說(shuō)明
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題目
第1題:
我們要加大對(duì)金融體系的監(jiān)管,你認(rèn)為我們這一做法的意義是什么?
參考答案
金融是現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)的核心,金融體系是全社會(huì)貨幣的供給者和貨幣運(yùn)行及信用活動(dòng)的中心,加強(qiáng)對(duì)金融體系的監(jiān)管具有較為重大的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
第一,能夠有效保護(hù)我國(guó)金融市場(chǎng)穩(wěn)定。金融主管當(dāng)局對(duì)金融機(jī)構(gòu)和金融市場(chǎng)實(shí)施全面的管理、經(jīng)常性地檢查與監(jiān)督,能夠有效地保證國(guó)內(nèi)金融市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展秩序,最大限度地減少銀行業(yè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),保障存款人和投資者的利益,促進(jìn)銀行業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的健康發(fā)展。
第二,能夠穩(wěn)定推動(dòng)金融市場(chǎng)對(duì)外開(kāi)放。金融監(jiān)管部門(mén)加強(qiáng)對(duì)外資金融機(jī)構(gòu)的監(jiān)管,過(guò)程中進(jìn)行有效規(guī)范、實(shí)施必要監(jiān)管,能夠確保外資金融機(jī)構(gòu)在境內(nèi)合法合規(guī)經(jīng)營(yíng)。除此之外,目前多家國(guó)內(nèi)金融機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)成為全球系統(tǒng)性重要金融機(jī)構(gòu),而系統(tǒng)重要性金融機(jī)構(gòu),因其具有規(guī)模大、機(jī)構(gòu)覆蓋廣、產(chǎn)品和架構(gòu)復(fù)雜、與其他金融機(jī)構(gòu)關(guān)聯(lián)度高等特征,一旦發(fā)生危機(jī),極易引發(fā)系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此積極加強(qiáng)監(jiān)管,主動(dòng)對(duì)接國(guó)際系統(tǒng)性重要金融機(jī)構(gòu)管理規(guī)則,有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)全球金融監(jiān)管協(xié)調(diào),平穩(wěn)有序地推動(dòng)金融領(lǐng)域的對(duì)外開(kāi)放。
第三,能夠有效應(yīng)對(duì)新型金融業(yè)態(tài)。我國(guó)金融資產(chǎn)規(guī)模龐大,新興金融業(yè)態(tài)不斷涌現(xiàn),加大對(duì)金融體系的監(jiān)管也是應(yīng)對(duì)新挑戰(zhàn)的需要。我國(guó)銀行業(yè)金融機(jī)構(gòu)總資產(chǎn)較大,伴隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)金融等各類(lèi)金融創(chuàng)新,非銀行金融機(jī)構(gòu)資產(chǎn)集聚速度也明顯加快。加強(qiáng)金融體系的監(jiān)管,是落實(shí)黨的十九大提出的“健全金融監(jiān)管體系,守住不發(fā)生系統(tǒng)性金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的底線(xiàn)”的重要措施之一。
總而言之,加強(qiáng)金融體系監(jiān)管具有非常大的意義,同時(shí),這也是一件具有長(zhǎng)期性和復(fù)雜性的工作,需要進(jìn)一步出監(jiān)管細(xì)則和辦法,完善監(jiān)管體系。
第2題:
會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所審計(jì)失敗事件時(shí)有發(fā)生。你認(rèn)為應(yīng)采取哪些措施,加強(qiáng)行業(yè)誠(chéng)信建設(shè),有效遏制財(cái)務(wù)造假?
參考答案
會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所審計(jì)失敗、財(cái)務(wù)造假現(xiàn)象頻發(fā)嚴(yán)重侵犯了中小股東的正當(dāng)權(quán)益,是典型的失信行為,失信于市場(chǎng),失信于投資者,社會(huì)影響極其惡劣。為有效遏制財(cái)務(wù)造假,我認(rèn)為應(yīng)該采取如下措施:
首先,加強(qiáng)誠(chéng)信建設(shè)。對(duì)于上市公司控股股東、實(shí)控人、董監(jiān)高等“關(guān)鍵少數(shù)”,要加大誠(chéng)信教育力度,強(qiáng)化敬畏“上市”的意識(shí),引導(dǎo)樹(shù)立企業(yè)“主體”上市和“思想”上市同步的理念,從思想源頭上杜絕財(cái)務(wù)造假。要不斷完善職業(yè)道德規(guī)范,定期組織“關(guān)鍵少數(shù)”進(jìn)行法律法規(guī)和職業(yè)道德的學(xué)習(xí),增強(qiáng)責(zé)任意識(shí)。只有做到主觀(guān)上明辨是非,保持客觀(guān)公正,才能增強(qiáng)誠(chéng)信意識(shí),自覺(jué)地遵守法律法規(guī),實(shí)現(xiàn)標(biāo)本兼治。
其次,創(chuàng)新監(jiān)管手段。加大對(duì)造假主體的行政性與市場(chǎng)性懲戒力度,納入到“黑名單”制度中。采用限任、限行、公示等多項(xiàng)信用聯(lián)合懲戒措施,切實(shí)發(fā)揮有效威懾與預(yù)防功能,逐步形成“財(cái)務(wù)造假、寸步難行、一處失信、處處受限”的局面,解決層出不窮的造假問(wèn)題。要充分調(diào)動(dòng)和發(fā)揮單位內(nèi)部、中介機(jī)構(gòu)、投資者和自律組織等多元市場(chǎng)參與者的積極作用,構(gòu)建有效的監(jiān)管運(yùn)行機(jī)制,進(jìn)一步提高監(jiān)管水平。
最后,強(qiáng)化舞弊識(shí)別。提高注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師識(shí)別財(cái)務(wù)舞弊的能力,不僅有助于防止審計(jì)失敗,從技術(shù)層面對(duì)上市公司的財(cái)務(wù)造假形成震懾,營(yíng)造“不敢假”的氛圍,也有助于縮小注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師與社會(huì)公眾之間的審計(jì)期望差距。會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所應(yīng)當(dāng)配備“法務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)”團(tuán)隊(duì),為注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師提供反舞弊的專(zhuān)業(yè)支持。此外,大型會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所還應(yīng)當(dāng)充分利用人工智能、區(qū)塊鏈、云計(jì)算和大數(shù)據(jù)等信息技術(shù)進(jìn)步的成果,與咨詢(xún)機(jī)構(gòu)、IT 公司和專(zhuān)家學(xué)者通力合作,開(kāi)發(fā)財(cái)務(wù)舞弊識(shí)別軟件系統(tǒng),以此為契機(jī),借助信息技術(shù)的賦能,著力提升識(shí)別上市公司財(cái)務(wù)造假的能力。
第3題:
近年來(lái),陸續(xù)有房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)出現(xiàn)債務(wù)危機(jī)。請(qǐng)你談一談流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)對(duì)房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)的影響,以及如何應(yīng)對(duì)房地產(chǎn)流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
參考答案
隨著國(guó)家對(duì)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的監(jiān)管趨嚴(yán),房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)逐漸面臨經(jīng)營(yíng)性現(xiàn)金流入及融資性現(xiàn)金流入同時(shí)受限的困境,使得一些債務(wù)總額較大的高杠桿房企面臨較大的資金壓力,流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)隨之暴露。
房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)出現(xiàn)后,首先會(huì)影響企業(yè)自身項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)。因企業(yè)資金鏈斷裂,無(wú)法償付施工單位結(jié)算款,造成工程難以按照預(yù)定計(jì)劃如期完工。其次,會(huì)影響企業(yè)自身的正常經(jīng)營(yíng)。因房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)的新建樓盤(pán)無(wú)法如期交付,使得銷(xiāo)售受到影響,收入難以回流,進(jìn)而引發(fā)企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)困難,出現(xiàn)大規(guī)模裁員。再次,引發(fā)市場(chǎng)恐慌情緒。房產(chǎn)對(duì)于個(gè)人而言,屬于較大的投資項(xiàng)目,且常采取先付錢(qián)后收房的方式購(gòu)買(mǎi),一旦消費(fèi)者無(wú)法按時(shí)入住前期購(gòu)買(mǎi)的房產(chǎn),則會(huì)引發(fā)公眾對(duì)于房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)、乃至地方政府的不信任,恐慌情緒下,公眾會(huì)對(duì)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)持觀(guān)望態(tài)度。最后,引發(fā)金融市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前我國(guó)商業(yè)銀行信貸投放中,房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)貸款占據(jù)較大份額,當(dāng)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)力償還商業(yè)銀行貸款時(shí),則會(huì)導(dǎo)致商業(yè)銀行資產(chǎn)出現(xiàn)不良,大規(guī)模的壞賬出現(xiàn),極易引發(fā)金融市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
為減少房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)泡沫對(duì)于實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響,還應(yīng)從以下方面加強(qiáng)努力:
一是房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)營(yíng)方式。房企需以產(chǎn)品、成本管理和物業(yè)服務(wù)為核心,支撐靈活的推盤(pán)銷(xiāo)售策略,實(shí)現(xiàn)拿地后早開(kāi)盤(pán)、早售罄、早回款高效的“供銷(xiāo)存”管理模式,提升資金周轉(zhuǎn)效率。
二是監(jiān)管部門(mén)應(yīng)注重合理調(diào)控。加強(qiáng)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的監(jiān)測(cè),對(duì)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)投資者情緒的科學(xué)測(cè)度,合理調(diào)控金融市場(chǎng)對(duì)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的支持力度,不抽貸、不斷貸,引導(dǎo)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)穩(wěn)健發(fā)展。
第4題:
談?wù)勀銓?duì)合規(guī)性監(jiān)管與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性監(jiān)管的理解。
參考答案
合規(guī)性監(jiān)管與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性監(jiān)管是對(duì)商業(yè)銀行監(jiān)管的兩種不同手段,在本質(zhì)上都是監(jiān)督銀行的經(jīng)營(yíng)行為是否合乎有關(guān)規(guī)定,其監(jiān)管目標(biāo)相同,即最大限度防止和遏制銀行風(fēng)險(xiǎn),維護(hù)銀行業(yè)穩(wěn)定和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)高效。但在具體操作中,兩者存在差異。
一方面,監(jiān)管的著眼點(diǎn)不同。合規(guī)性監(jiān)管一般是指符合宏觀(guān)的政策法規(guī),如國(guó)家的政策、法律、法規(guī),主要是要求銀行在國(guó)家政策、法規(guī)允許的范圍內(nèi)經(jīng)營(yíng),著眼于維護(hù)國(guó)家政策法規(guī)的嚴(yán)肅性。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性監(jiān)管除了要求符合宏觀(guān)政策法規(guī)外,還要求符合微觀(guān)的制度規(guī)定,包括銀行內(nèi)部為控制和防范風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而做出的制度、規(guī)定,致力于維護(hù)商業(yè)銀行的穩(wěn)健經(jīng)營(yíng)和銀行體系的穩(wěn)定。
另一方面,監(jiān)管的方式不同。合規(guī)性監(jiān)管以行政管制為主。即利用法律、政策、制度對(duì)管理對(duì)象進(jìn)行強(qiáng)制性約束,明令禁止的事情管理對(duì)象一旦做了就要受到嚴(yán)厲處罰,是一種靜態(tài)的監(jiān)管模式。對(duì)銀行的監(jiān)管主要依靠行政調(diào)控手段,并以實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)劃、符合政策作為衡量銀行機(jī)構(gòu)業(yè)績(jī)和經(jīng)營(yíng)者素質(zhì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),側(cè)重于對(duì)銀行業(yè)的違規(guī)行為進(jìn)行處罰、批評(píng)、訓(xùn)斥和處分,結(jié)果會(huì)加強(qiáng)銀行的財(cái)務(wù)負(fù)擔(dān)。
風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性監(jiān)管則強(qiáng)調(diào)依據(jù)市場(chǎng)規(guī)則和法律法規(guī),分別從內(nèi)部和外部開(kāi)展對(duì)銀行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的全方位、動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)管,包括對(duì)不良資產(chǎn)、資本充足率等關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控,從而及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并處置風(fēng)險(xiǎn),最大限度地防范和遏制銀行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)監(jiān)管是一種積極的監(jiān)管方法,側(cè)重運(yùn)用市場(chǎng)規(guī)則和法律法規(guī),引導(dǎo)銀行樹(shù)立防范風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的觀(guān)念,從正面引導(dǎo)銀行采取積極穩(wěn)妥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)處置措施,降低成本,減少損失。
第5題:
你認(rèn)為金融科技創(chuàng)新目前面臨哪些問(wèn)題,并請(qǐng)你提出對(duì)策。
參考答案
隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,金融科技不斷創(chuàng)新,但隨之而來(lái)的問(wèn)題也不斷曝出。當(dāng)前金融科技創(chuàng)新面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)主要有以下幾個(gè)方面:
一是網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全問(wèn)題。當(dāng)前金融科技創(chuàng)新對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)高度依賴(lài),相對(duì)傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),網(wǎng)絡(luò)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)擴(kuò)散速度更快、范圍更廣、影響更大。突發(fā)性網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全事件引發(fā)的操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)對(duì)金融市場(chǎng)造成較大沖擊,如中行原油寶事件,對(duì)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的應(yīng)急管理提出了更高要求。二是行業(yè)壟斷加劇。金融科技行業(yè)具有“贏(yíng)者通吃”的特征。大型金融科技公司利用數(shù)據(jù)壟斷優(yōu)勢(shì),阻礙公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng),獲取超額收益,或?qū)⒎恋K新機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)入,同時(shí)出現(xiàn)以非正常的方式收集數(shù)據(jù),大數(shù)據(jù)“殺熟”、誘導(dǎo)金融消費(fèi)者過(guò)度消費(fèi)等問(wèn)題的出現(xiàn)。三是存在金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。少數(shù)科技公司涉足各類(lèi)金融和科技領(lǐng)域,在小額支付市場(chǎng)占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,涉及廣大群眾,因其推出的金融產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)嵌套于各種包裝下,難以被監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),極易引發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)外溢,損害公眾利益,影響金融市場(chǎng)穩(wěn)定。
金融科技已成為當(dāng)下新業(yè)態(tài),為促進(jìn)行業(yè)良性發(fā)展,需金融科技公司與監(jiān)管部門(mén)共同發(fā)力:
一是金融科技企業(yè)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境建設(shè),通過(guò)設(shè)置防火墻、安全口令等保障網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全,聘請(qǐng)專(zhuān)業(yè)人員定期做好網(wǎng)絡(luò)維護(hù),守住網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全底線(xiàn)。
二是監(jiān)管部門(mén)應(yīng)不斷完善法律法規(guī),加快對(duì)金融科技行業(yè)反壟斷法規(guī)的修訂更新,研究制定金融數(shù)據(jù)安全保護(hù)條例,構(gòu)建更加有效地保護(hù)機(jī)制,防止數(shù)據(jù)泄露和濫用。同時(shí),對(duì)過(guò)度營(yíng)銷(xiāo)貸款或類(lèi)信用卡透支等金融產(chǎn)品,誘導(dǎo)過(guò)度消費(fèi),強(qiáng)制性催收等,加大監(jiān)督處罰力度。
三是加強(qiáng)對(duì)金融科技公司產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新、利率水平、資產(chǎn)質(zhì)量等方面的監(jiān)測(cè)力度,對(duì)標(biāo)銀行業(yè)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn),逐漸規(guī)范金融科技公司規(guī)范經(jīng)營(yíng),優(yōu)化內(nèi)控制度,降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)外溢性。
第6題:
你認(rèn)為保險(xiǎn)應(yīng)如何助推“碳達(dá)峰”“碳中和”?
參考答案
作為綠色金融的重要組成部分,保險(xiǎn)對(duì)解決環(huán)境污染、節(jié)能減排、應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化等問(wèn)題具有重要意義。保險(xiǎn)推動(dòng)“碳達(dá)峰”“碳中和”可以從以下方面努力:
一是拓展綠色項(xiàng)目的保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)路徑。不斷豐富保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品功能,持續(xù)完善環(huán)境、生態(tài)、安全等各種責(zé)任保險(xiǎn),綠色能源、交通工具、建筑等各類(lèi)財(cái)產(chǎn)險(xiǎn),以及自然災(zāi)害、氣候變化等引發(fā)的巨災(zāi)險(xiǎn)或巨災(zāi)指數(shù)保險(xiǎn)等,加快創(chuàng)新“保險(xiǎn) + 服務(wù)”“保險(xiǎn) + 科技”等綠色保險(xiǎn)模式,全流程、全周期地為環(huán)境污染、生態(tài)損害、節(jié)能減排、等領(lǐng)域提供風(fēng)險(xiǎn)保障,提供風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警、防災(zāi)減損、快處快賠等全流程風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理服務(wù),不斷增強(qiáng)綠色低碳相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)的抗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能力。
二是創(chuàng)新保險(xiǎn)資金在綠色投融資中的服務(wù)功能。不斷創(chuàng)新保險(xiǎn)資金的綠色投融資方式,充分運(yùn)用股權(quán)、債權(quán)、產(chǎn)業(yè)基金、私募股權(quán)基金、政府和社會(huì)資本合作(PPP)等多種方式,優(yōu)化保險(xiǎn)資金投向或運(yùn)用的綠色債券投資和資管產(chǎn)品投資的門(mén)檻,逐漸將保險(xiǎn)金參與到能源、環(huán)保、水務(wù)、減碳等領(lǐng)域,重點(diǎn)投向清潔能源、綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)、節(jié)能環(huán)保、新能源及新能源汽車(chē)等綠色低碳產(chǎn)業(yè)領(lǐng)域。
三是提高綠色投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范能力。保險(xiǎn)公司要不斷提升綠色投資風(fēng)控能力,加強(qiáng)對(duì)綠色資產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的分析,及時(shí)開(kāi)展環(huán)境壓力測(cè)試。建立信息共享機(jī)制,與更多的金融機(jī)構(gòu)共享對(duì)于綠色資產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè),提高行業(yè)對(duì)綠色資產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確性。建立評(píng)估機(jī)制,提高對(duì)綠色資產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)級(jí)的可靠性以及對(duì)綠色資產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的科學(xué)性。
第7題:
Talk about your financial management experience.
參考答案
As a newly graduated student, to be frank, I don’t have too much financial management experience. However, during my entire school life, I manage to cultivate my ability in financial management, since I am deeply interested in it.
Ever since I was a junior high school student, I put half of all my red packages in the bank for a fixed date and bought my favorite novels with the other half. I was really thrilled when I withdrew all my money and interests back. At that time, I realized that money makes money as long as you carefully manage it.
Since then, I’ve been keen on financial management knowledge. I asked my parents different ways of financial management, and I bought financial books instead of novels to seek for the right way. When I was a senior high school student, I have a bank deposit of around 10,000 Yuan and another 10,000 Yuan of financial products, since all eggs cannot put in the same basket. It is easy to put money in the bank, but it is quite different when it comes to choosing a financial product. With the knowledge that I’ve learned, I would not choose the one that boasts of extreme high returns, especially those P2P financial products. Thanks for that, my money keeps growing in spite of the collapse of P2P companies in recent years.
By the time I was a college student, with careful financial management, I was able to support myself.
Please introduce a person that you are thankful for.
第8題:
Please introduce a person that you are thankful for.
參考答案
During my past life, there are many people I’m deeply indebted to. Here I’d like to introduce my mother, who used to be a college professor.
First of all, it is she who brought me to this world. The day I was born was the day when she suffered. Secondly, it is she who cultivate my interest in reading. With a small library at home, I was able to indulge myself in endless reading. Whenever I came across any problem in reading, she was always by my side and inspired me to solve those problems by myself. She talked to me like a lovely friend and I love to share with her my ideas. Thirdly, unlike many other mothers who expect good performance at school subjects and a final admission to a good college, my mother did not have such demand at the very beginning. She believed that every man has its own gift and every man can be successful at any trade as long as you have the interest and keep on practising.
That’s why I’m siting here facing you fine people, since I find my deep interest in financial management. I believed it’s necessary to apply for this job. Thank you.
第9題:
Who is your most respected person?
參考答案
There are many people I respect, such as: the people's police who stick to their posts; the cleaners who work day and night; the teachers who work tirelessly for the education cause; of course, what I most respect is the border guards for the safety of the people of our country.
The border guards are different from all the other staff. When they got sick, they cannot rest but still have to stick to their posts: when they got tired and sleepy, they still have to stare into the distance with wide eyes. They sacrificed themselves for the motherland, and they carried the peace and hope of their relatives and the motherland on their shoulders. They don't have television, only radio and the occasional letter to entertain and comfort them. But they have the most precious camaraderie and dedication to learn from. At night in the dead of night, you will hear bursts of singing, that is they are missing their family.... They have distinguished the importance of the motherland and their family. For the strength and safety of the motherland, they have given up the days of reunion with their relatives and have been guarding the frontier of the motherland all day long.
For this reason, we should respect their selflessness even more! Respect their sacrifice! Let us respect those unknown people who brought us a peaceful world!
第10題:
What are the changes you want to make?
參考答案
I’ve thought of this question before. There are several changes I want to make.
One of which is to reconsider the importance of money. The Lebanese poet Gibran says "Everything in life is beautiful, even money, because it teaches people. Money is like a violin, and if anyone can't play it, it will only make him hear screeching noises. Money is like love. In the same way, whoever is stingy and refuses to give it to others will die; if you give it generously to others, it will give him new life.” Although money is not everything, it is impossible without money. In my view, the best attitude towards money is to treat it as a friend and establish a close relationship with it. When you become a friend of money, you respect it, discover its value, and use it to focus on more important things, thereby enriching the experience of life and expanding the meaning of life.
The second change I want to make is to constantly improve myself. Society is constantly changing, and I need keep abreast with the society by keep improving. Dr. Steven Covey pointed out that we can achieve self-improvement from three aspects: physical, mental, and intellectual.
For example, at the physical level, I need to maintain adequate sleep, go to bed early and get up early, and eat a balanced diet. I need to promote the body's metabolism and expel toxins through running, playing ball, etc., which are beneficial to the body and mind. On the mental level I can talk to myself. For example, I can develop the habit of recording my life and find the most suitable lifestyle and rhythm. At the intellectual level, I need to develop the habit of deep thinking and lifelong learning. For example, through reading and writing, I can continuously improve the depth and breadth of my problem-seeking and build my own knowledge system.
Through these changes, I believe I can make a better self.
第11題:
簡(jiǎn)述會(huì)計(jì)核算和會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督之間的關(guān)系。
參考答案
會(huì)計(jì)核算是指會(huì)計(jì)以貨幣為主要計(jì)量單位,對(duì)特定主體的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)進(jìn)行確認(rèn)、計(jì)量和報(bào)告。會(huì)計(jì)核算貫穿于經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的全過(guò)程,是會(huì)計(jì)最基本的職能。會(huì)計(jì)核算的內(nèi)容主要包括款項(xiàng)和有價(jià)證券的收付,財(cái)物的收發(fā)、增減和使用,以及資本、基金的增減等。
會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督是指對(duì)特定主體經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)和相關(guān)會(huì)計(jì)核算的真實(shí)性、合法性和合理性進(jìn)行審查。真實(shí)性審查,是指檢查各項(xiàng)會(huì)計(jì)核算是否根據(jù)實(shí)際發(fā)生的經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行。合法性審查,是指檢查各項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)是否符合國(guó)家有關(guān)法律法規(guī),遵守財(cái)經(jīng)紀(jì)律,執(zhí)行國(guó)家各項(xiàng)方針政策。合理性審查,是指檢查各項(xiàng)財(cái)務(wù)收支是否符合客觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律及經(jīng)營(yíng)管理方面的要求。
會(huì)計(jì)核算和會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督的關(guān)系是十分密切的,兩者是相輔相成、辯證統(tǒng)一的。會(huì)計(jì)核算是會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督的基礎(chǔ),而會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督是會(huì)計(jì)核算的保證。兩者必須結(jié)合起來(lái)發(fā)揮作用,才能正確、及時(shí)、完整地反映經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng),有效地提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。如果沒(méi)有可靠的、完整的會(huì)計(jì)核算資料,會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督就沒(méi)有客觀(guān)依據(jù)。反之只有會(huì)計(jì)核算沒(méi)有會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督,就難以保證核算所提供信息的質(zhì)量,會(huì)計(jì)核算也就沒(méi)有意義。
第12題:
你認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)如何提高金融對(duì)外開(kāi)放的水平?
參考答案
金融業(yè)對(duì)外開(kāi)放是中國(guó)對(duì)外開(kāi)放格局的重要組成部分,應(yīng)該秉承著“宜早不宜遲,宜快不宜慢”的要求,著力提高金融對(duì)外開(kāi)放水平。主要有以下幾點(diǎn)做法:
第一,推動(dòng)金融業(yè)制度化開(kāi)放。人民銀行、銀保監(jiān)會(huì)、證監(jiān)會(huì)、外匯局等金融管理部門(mén),應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步做好部門(mén)協(xié)同,出臺(tái)金融對(duì)外開(kāi)放相關(guān)文件,以制度規(guī)范金融市場(chǎng)的對(duì)外開(kāi)放,鼓勵(lì)先行先試的創(chuàng)新探索。
第二,繼續(xù)放寬市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入。落實(shí)直接投資領(lǐng)域準(zhǔn)入前國(guó)民待遇加負(fù)面清單管理,完善合格境外機(jī)構(gòu)投資者制度,放寬外資機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)入債券市場(chǎng)設(shè)立或參股金融機(jī)構(gòu)的門(mén)檻,提升國(guó)內(nèi)金融市場(chǎng)對(duì)國(guó)外投資者的吸引。
第三,穩(wěn)步推動(dòng)人民幣資本項(xiàng)目開(kāi)放。統(tǒng)籌考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展階段、金融市場(chǎng)狀況、金融穩(wěn)定性等要求,統(tǒng)籌交易環(huán)節(jié)和匯兌環(huán)節(jié),以金融市場(chǎng)雙向開(kāi)放為重點(diǎn),有序推動(dòng)不可兌換項(xiàng)目的開(kāi)放,提高可兌換項(xiàng)目的便利化水平。
第三,穩(wěn)慎推進(jìn)人民幣國(guó)際化。要深化人民幣匯率形成機(jī)制改革,一方面,持續(xù)深化對(duì)外貨幣合作,發(fā)展離岸人民幣市場(chǎng),將人民幣投融資、資產(chǎn)管理作為擴(kuò)大人民幣國(guó)際使用的著力點(diǎn),滿(mǎn)足國(guó)際投資者的需求。另一方面要做好開(kāi)放中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范,保持匯率在合理均衡水平上基本穩(wěn)定。確保人民幣國(guó)際化行穩(wěn)致遠(yuǎn)。
第13題:
信托財(cái)產(chǎn)的獨(dú)立性表現(xiàn)在哪幾個(gè)方面?
參考答案
信托財(cái)產(chǎn)的獨(dú)立性主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:
第一,信托財(cái)產(chǎn)不屬于受托人的償債財(cái)產(chǎn)。信托存續(xù)期間,受托人的債權(quán)人不能就受托人名下的信托財(cái)產(chǎn)主張清償,也不得申請(qǐng)法院對(duì)信托財(cái)產(chǎn)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行。受托人自身的債權(quán)人只能針對(duì)受托人的固有財(cái)產(chǎn)主張清償和申請(qǐng)強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行,信托財(cái)產(chǎn)不屬于受托人的償債資產(chǎn)。
第二,信托財(cái)產(chǎn)不屬于受托人的遺產(chǎn)或清算財(cái)產(chǎn)。我國(guó)《信托法》規(guī)定:“受托人死亡或者依法解散、被依法撤銷(xiāo)、被宣告破產(chǎn)而終止,信托財(cái)產(chǎn)不屬于其遺產(chǎn)或者清算財(cái)產(chǎn)。”發(fā)生上述情形時(shí),受托人的繼承人不得對(duì)信托財(cái)產(chǎn)主張繼承,受托人的債權(quán)人也不得對(duì)信托財(cái)產(chǎn)主張清償。根據(jù)我國(guó)《信托法》第52條的規(guī)定,在信托文件沒(méi)有例外規(guī)定時(shí),受托人死亡或者依法解散、被依法撤銷(xiāo)、被宣告破產(chǎn)而終止時(shí),信托繼續(xù)存在,信托將根據(jù)信托文件的規(guī)定選任新受托人繼續(xù)管理;如果信托文件規(guī)定發(fā)生上述情形信托應(yīng)當(dāng)終止的,則應(yīng)當(dāng)依法去對(duì)信托進(jìn)行清算,將信托財(cái)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移給信托文件或者法律規(guī)定的權(quán)利歸屬人,但無(wú)論何種情況下,信托財(cái)產(chǎn)都不得納入受托人的遺產(chǎn)或清算財(cái)產(chǎn)。
第三,債權(quán)債務(wù)抵銷(xiāo)的禁止。我國(guó)《合同法》規(guī)定,當(dāng)事人互負(fù)到期債務(wù),任何方可以將自己的債務(wù)與對(duì)方的債務(wù)抵銷(xiāo),但是合同法上的這一規(guī)定不適用于信托情形。信托財(cái)產(chǎn)上產(chǎn)生的債權(quán)不能與受托人固有財(cái)產(chǎn)所負(fù)的債務(wù)相抵銷(xiāo);一個(gè)信托的信托財(cái)產(chǎn)上產(chǎn)生的債權(quán)也不得與另一個(gè)信托財(cái)產(chǎn)上所負(fù)的債務(wù)抵銷(xiāo)。
第四,信托財(cái)產(chǎn)的分別管理。我國(guó)《信托法》規(guī)定:“受托人必須將信托財(cái)產(chǎn)與其固有財(cái)產(chǎn)分別管理、分別記賬,并將不同委托人的信托財(cái)產(chǎn)分別管理、分別記賬。”從實(shí)際操作上確保信托財(cái)產(chǎn)能夠獨(dú)立于受托人的固有財(cái)產(chǎn),以及獨(dú)立于受托人管理的其他信托財(cái)產(chǎn)。
第14題:
闡述保險(xiǎn)法的基本原則
參考答案
(對(duì)于保險(xiǎn)法的基本原則,學(xué)術(shù)界并無(wú)統(tǒng)一說(shuō)法,故本題無(wú)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案。此解析以2019年出版的商法學(xué)教材版本為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行分析,若考生有其他版本的作答內(nèi)容,也可自圓其說(shuō)展開(kāi)作答)
保險(xiǎn)法的基本原則主要包括:
第一,最大誠(chéng)信原則。這一原則是指保險(xiǎn)合同的雙方當(dāng)事人在保險(xiǎn)合同訂立和履行過(guò)程中,必須以最大的誠(chéng)意履行自己的義務(wù),互不欺騙和隱瞞,恪守合同的承諾和義務(wù),否則合同無(wú)效?;谶@一原則,投保人應(yīng)當(dāng)在訂立合同時(shí)履行如實(shí)告知義務(wù)。保險(xiǎn)人則需要履行提示和說(shuō)明義務(wù),向投保人陳述或解釋保險(xiǎn)合同的一般條款和免責(zé)條款;保險(xiǎn)人還需要遵守禁反言規(guī)則,也就是說(shuō)保險(xiǎn)人在合同訂立時(shí)已經(jīng)知道投保人未如實(shí)告知情況的,保險(xiǎn)人不得解除合同;發(fā)生保險(xiǎn)事故的,保險(xiǎn)人應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任或給付保險(xiǎn)金的責(zé)任。
第二,保險(xiǎn)利益原則。保險(xiǎn)利益是指投保人或者被保險(xiǎn)人對(duì)保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的具有法律上承認(rèn)的利益。如果投保人或者被保險(xiǎn)人對(duì)保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的不具有保險(xiǎn)利益,那么保險(xiǎn)合同不具有法律效力。如果沒(méi)有這一原則,那么投保人或被保險(xiǎn)人會(huì)怠于實(shí)施風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制,放縱保險(xiǎn)事故的發(fā)生。設(shè)立這一原則,主要是為了防止道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以及違法行為。
第三,損失補(bǔ)償原則。這項(xiàng)原則是指當(dāng)保險(xiǎn)事故發(fā)生導(dǎo)致被保險(xiǎn)人遭受損失時(shí),保險(xiǎn)人必須在責(zé)任范圍內(nèi)對(duì)其所遭受的實(shí)際損失進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償。概括來(lái)說(shuō),這一原則的核心要義有兩點(diǎn):一是“有損失、有賠償”,也就是說(shuō)投保人或者被保險(xiǎn)人只有受到約定的保險(xiǎn)事故所造成的的損失,才能獲得補(bǔ)償。二是“損失多少、賠償多少”,也就是說(shuō)保險(xiǎn)人所做的補(bǔ)償恰好能夠使保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的恢復(fù)到保險(xiǎn)事故發(fā)生之前的狀況,投保人或被保險(xiǎn)人不能獲得多于或者少于損失的補(bǔ)償。
第四,近因原則。近因原則是指只有在導(dǎo)致保險(xiǎn)事故的近因?qū)儆诒kU(xiǎn)責(zé)任范圍時(shí),保險(xiǎn)人才應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任。這里的近因,并不是指時(shí)間上的最近的原因,而是指促成損失結(jié)果出現(xiàn)的最直接的原因,但在保險(xiǎn)實(shí)務(wù)中,如何確定損失近因,需要具體情況具體分析,不能一概而論。
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